Biological approach (bioremediation) on the other hand encourages the establishment/reestablishment of plants on polluted soils. Most physical and chemical methods (such as encapsulation, solidification, stabilization, electrokinetics, vitrification, vapour extraction, and soil washing and flushing) are expensive and do not make the soil suitable for plant growth.
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Various methods of remediating metal polluted soils exist they range from physical and chemical methods to biological methods. Therefore, the remediation of heavy metal polluted soils cannot be overemphasized. Continued decline in plant growth reduces yield which eventually leads to food insecurity. Growth reduction as a result of changes in physiological and biochemical processes in plants growing on heavy metal polluted soils has been recorded. Some of these activities include mining and smelting of metals, burning of fossil fuels, use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, production of batteries and other metal products in industries, sewage sludge, and municipal waste disposal. IntroductionĪlthough heavy metals are naturally present in the soil, geologic and anthropogenic activities increase the concentration of these elements to amounts that are harmful to both plants and animals.
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However, success of this approach largely depends on the species of organisms involved in the process. Combining both microorganisms and plants is an approach to bioremediation that ensures a more efficient clean-up of heavy metal polluted soils. Using plants for the treatment of polluted soils is a more common approach in the bioremediation of heavy metal polluted soils. Microorganisms and plants employ different mechanisms for the bioremediation of polluted soils. It is a widely accepted method that is mostly carried out in situ hence it is suitable for the establishment/reestablishment of crops on treated soils. Bioremediation is an effective method of treating heavy metal polluted soils.
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Plants growing on these soils show a reduction in growth, performance, and yield. Soils polluted with heavy metals have become common across the globe due to increase in geologic and anthropogenic activities.